The Maltese may be tiny, but this ancient toy breed has been winning people over for thousands of years. Originating around the Mediterranean, they were bred almost entirely as companion dogs. Most Maltese stay between 4 and 7 pounds, have a long, silky white coat, and are known for being bright, lively, and surprisingly sturdy for their size.

Their small frame and affectionate nature make them a great fit for apartments, city living, or anyone who wants a dog that’s happy to be by their side. But like all breeds, Maltese have a few health tendencies that come up more often due to their size, coat type, and genetics. Knowing these ahead of time can help you spot early signs, avoid preventable issues, and keep your little dog feeling their best as they grow.

1. Tracheal Collapse

Tracheal collapse is one of the most well-known health issues in small dogs, including Maltese. The cartilage rings in the windpipe weaken over time, making the airway narrower and leading to a “honking” cough.

Genetics play a big role, but irritation from pulling on a collar, exposure to smoke, chronic barking, and excess weight can all make symptoms worse.

What to watch for:

• Honking or goose-like cough
• Coughing during excitement or after drinking
• Trouble breathing during exercise
• Gagging when pulling on the leash

Most dogs do well with lifestyle changes—using a harness instead of a collar, avoiding heat and overexertion, and keeping your dog at a healthy weight. Your vet may recommend medication to reduce coughing or inflammation. Advanced cases sometimes need more specialized care.

2. Dental Disease

Because Maltese dogs have tiny jaws and crowded teeth, dental problems are very common, even in young dogs. Small mouths, retained baby teeth, and tight spacing trap food and bacteria, which leads to decay and gum disease.

What to watch for:

• Bad breath
• Red, swollen gums
• Difficulty chewing hard food
• Visible tartar
• “Double teeth” where baby teeth haven’t fallen out

Daily tooth brushing is extremely important for Maltese dogs. Regular dental cleanings, timely removal of retained teeth, and dental chews can all help prevent long-term issues. Without care, dental disease can cause pain, infections, and even affect organs like the heart and kidneys.

3. Patellar Luxation

Patellar luxation is when the kneecap slips out of place. This issue is common in small breeds and is often seen in Maltese. It may look like a skip, hop, or momentary limp.

Common signs:

• Skipping or hopping for a few steps
• Sudden limping
• Stiffness after play
• Hesitation to run or jump

Mild cases are usually managed with joint supplements, maintaining a lean weight, and low-impact exercise. Moderate to severe cases may need physical therapy or surgery. Using ramps or steps for furniture can help reduce stress on the joints long-term.

4. Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism happens when one or both testicles don’t descend. It’s common in toy breeds like Maltese and has a clear genetic link. On its own, the condition isn’t necessarily painful for your pooch. However, it’s essential that the retained testicle is fully removed as soon as possible to lower the risks of your dog developing cancer.

Your vet will recommend removing the retained testicle, usually during a routine neuter. Dogs with this condition should not be bred.

5. Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition caused by allergic reactions to things like pollen, dust mites, mold, or certain grasses.

Many Maltese have sensitive skin, and their silky coats can make irritation more noticeable. Their delicate skin barrier, frequent grooming, and close indoor contact with allergens can all contribute. 

Early signs:

• Paw licking or chewing
• Redness around the eyes, belly, or paws
• Recurrent ear infections
• Itching after being outdoors
• Hair loss or skin flakes

Management often includes medicated baths, anti-itch medications, ear care, and allergen-reduction routines at home. Some dogs benefit from allergy testing or special diets. Because allergies are lifelong, consistent care makes the biggest difference.

Promising Stem Cell Therapy for Canine Atopic Dermatitis

Many Maltese with atopic dermatitis need long-term management to stay comfortable, and that’s one reason regenerative medicine is becoming an exciting area of study. At Gallant, we are investigating whether ethically sourced mesenchymal stromal cells derived from donor uterine tissue during routine spay procedures may help support healthier immune responses in dogs with chronic itchy skin. These cells are being studied for their potential to calm inflammation, support the skin barrier, and help break the cycle of constant itching, licking, and irritation that so many allergic dogs experience.

These stem cell products are not yet commercially available, but they are being evaluated through FDA-authorized clinical studies that follow strict safety and quality standards. Early clinical studies have shown encouraging improvements in itch levels and skin appearance in some dogs, and larger studies are underway to learn more. If you’re curious about emerging options for atopic dermatitis or want to see whether your dog might qualify for a study, you can explore Gallant’s ongoing clinical trials to learn more.